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An Awesome collection of Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) information, distributions, and tools. The original WSL is now known as WSL1. WSL1 is a compatibility layer for running Linux binary executables (ELF) natively on Windows 10. No re-compilation or 'porting' of applications is required. The graphical environment for Red Hat Enterprise Linux is supplied by the X.Org Foundation, an open source consortium created to manage development and strategy for the X Window System and related technologies. X.Org is a large scale, rapidly developing project with hundreds of developers around the world. How to Configure X11 in Linux. In the Linux world, X11 (XFree86 or Xorg) provides the tools needed to use graphical applications. Without them, Linux would still be in the command line only. This explains how to configure them on your.
Now, Xorg try to probe my hardware on every startup. How do I configure Xorg under Debian or any Linux distro / operating systems? The latest X server versions are designed to work out-of-the-box, with no need to manually edit Xorg’s configuration files. However, you can use the following generic steps to edit or create xorg.conf file. Get access to the unrivalled power of the Ubuntu terminal, including tools such as SSH, apt and vim, directly on your Windows 10 computer. The X Window System configuration files are kept in the /etc/X11 directory. Under XFree86 (Fedora Core 1 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux), the primary configuration file is named XF86Config; under X.org (Fedora Core 2 and later), the file is named xorg.conf.
The X server is a single binary executable (
/usr/bin/Xorg
). Associated configuration files are stored in the /etc/X11/
directory (as is a symbolic link — X — which points to /usr/bin/Xorg
). The configuration file for the X server is /etc/X11/xorg.conf
. The directory
/usr/lib/xorg/modules/
contains X server modules that can be loaded dynamically at runtime. By default, only some modules in /usr/lib/xorg/modules/
are automatically loaded by the X server. To load optional modules, they must be specified in the X server configuration file,
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
. For more information about loading modules, refer to Section 35.3.1.5, “Module
”. When Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.10 is installed, the configuration files for X are created using information gathered about the system hardware during the installation process.
While there is rarely a need to manually edit the
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
file, it is useful to understand the various sections and optional parameters available, especially when troubleshooting. The
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
file is comprised of many different sections which address specific aspects of the system hardware. Each section begins with a
Section '<section-name>'
line (where <section-name> is the title for the section) and ends with an EndSection
line. Each section contains lines that include option names and one or more option values. These are sometimes enclosed in double quotes ('
). Lines beginning with a hash mark (
#
) are not read by the X server and are used for human-readable comments. Some options within the
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
file accept a boolean switch which turns the feature on or off. Acceptable boolean values are: 0
,off
,false
, orno
— Turns the option off.
The following are some of the more important sections in the order in which they appear in a typical
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
file. More detailed information about the X server configuration file can be found in the xorg.conf
man page. The optional
ServerFlags
section contains miscellaneous global X server settings. Any settings in this section may be overridden by options placed in the ServerLayout
section (refer to Section 35.3.1.3, “ServerLayout
” for details). Each entry within the
ServerFlags
section is on its own line and begins with the term Option
followed by an option enclosed in double quotation marks ('
). The following lists some of the most useful options:
'DontZap' '<boolean>'
— When the value of <boolean> is set to true, this setting prevents the use of the Ctrl+Alt+Backspace key combination to immediately terminate the X server.'DontZoom' '<boolean>'
— When the value of <boolean> is set to true, this setting prevents cycling through configured video resolutions using the Ctrl+Alt+Keypad-Plus and Ctrl+Alt+Keypad-Minus key combinations.
The
ServerLayout
section binds together the input and output devices controlled by the X server. At a minimum, this section must specify one output device and one input device. By default, a monitor (output device) and keyboard (input device) are specified. The following example illustrates a typical
ServerLayout
section: The following entries are commonly used in the
ServerLayout
section: Identifier
— Specifies a unique name for thisServerLayout
section.Screen
— Specifies the name of aScreen
section to be used with the X server. More than oneScreen
option may be present.The following is an example of a typicalScreen
entry:The first number in this exampleScreen
entry (0
) indicates that the first monitor connector or head on the video card uses the configuration specified in theScreen
section with the identifier'Screen0'
.An example of aScreen
section with the identifier'Screen0'
can be found in Section 35.3.1.9, “Screen
”.If the video card has more than one head, anotherScreen
entry with a different number and a differentScreen
section identifier is necessary .The numbers to the right of'Screen0'
give the absolute X and Y coordinates for the upper-left corner of the screen (0 0
by default).InputDevice
— Specifies the name of anInputDevice
section to be used with the X server.It is advisable that there be at least twoInputDevice
entries: one for the default mouse and one for the default keyboard. The optionsCorePointer
andCoreKeyboard
indicate that these are the primary mouse and keyboard.Option '<option-name>'
— An optional entry which specifies extra parameters for the section. Any options listed here override those listed in theServerFlags
section.Replace <option-name> with a valid option listed for this section in thexorg.conf
man page.
It is possible to put more than one
ServerLayout
section in the /etc/X11/xorg.conf
file. By default, the server only reads the first one it encounters, however. If there is an alternative
ServerLayout
section, it can be specified as a command line argument when starting an X session. The
Files
section sets paths for services vital to the X server, such as the font path. This is an optional section, these paths are normally detected automatically. This section may be used to override any automatically detected defaults. The following example illustrates a typical
Files
section: The following entries are commonly used in the
Files
section: RgbPath
— Specifies the location of the RGB color database. This database defines all valid color names in X and ties them to specific RGB values.FontPath
— Specifies where the X server must connect to obtain fonts from thexfs
font server.By default, theFontPath
isunix/:7100
. This tells the X server to obtain font information using UNIX-domain sockets for inter-process communication (IPC) on port 7100.Refer to Section 35.4, “Fonts” for more information concerning X and fonts.ModulePath
— An optional parameter which specifies alternate directories which store X server modules.
By default, the X server automatically loads the following modules from the
/usr/lib/xorg/modules/
directory: The default directory for loading these modules can be changed by specifying a different directory with the optional
ModulePath
parameter in the Files
section. Refer to Section 35.3.1.4, “Files
” for more information on this section. Adding a
Module
section to /etc/X11/xorg.conf
instructs the X server to load the modules listed in this section instead of the default modules. For example, the following typical
Module
section: instructs the X server to load the fbdevhw
instead of the default modules. As such, if you add a
Module
section to /etc/X11/xorg.conf
, you will need to specify any default modules you want to load as well as any extra modules. Each
InputDevice
section configures one input device for the X server. Systems typically have at least one InputDevice
section for the keyboard. It is perfectly normal to have no entry for a mouse, as most mouse settings are automatically detected. The following example illustrates a typical
InputDevice
section for a keyboard: The following entries are commonly used in the
InputDevice
section: Identifier
— Specifies a unique name for thisInputDevice
section. This is a required entry.Driver
— Specifies the name of the device driver X must load for the device.Option
— Specifies necessary options pertaining to the device.A mouse may also be specified to override any autodetected defaults for the device. The following options are typically included when adding a mouse in thexorg.conf
:Protocol
— Specifies the protocol used by the mouse, such asIMPS/2
.Device
— Specifies the location of the physical device.Emulate3Buttons
— Specifies whether to allow a two-button mouse to act like a three-button mouse when both mouse buttons are pressed simultaneously.
Consult thexorg.conf
man page for a list of valid options for this section.
Each
Monitor
section configures one type of monitor used by the system. This is an optional entry as well, as most monitors are now automatically detected. The easiest way to configure a monitor is to configure X during the installation process or by using the X Configuration Tool. For more information about using the X Configuration Tool, refer to Chapter 36, X Window System Configuration.
This example illustrates a typical
Monitor
section for a monitor: Be careful when manually editing values in the
Monitor
section of /etc/X11/xorg.conf
. Inappropriate values can damage or destroy a monitor. Consult the monitor's documentation for a listing of safe operating parameters. The following are commonly entries used in the
Monitor
section: Identifier
— Specifies a unique name for thisMonitor
section. This is a required entry.VendorName
— An optional parameter which specifies the vendor of the monitor.ModelName
— An optional parameter which specifies the monitor's model name.DisplaySize
— An optional parameter which specifies, in millimeters, the physical size of the monitor's picture area.HorizSync
— Specifies the range of horizontal sync frequencies compatible with the monitor in kHz. These values help the X server determine the validity of built-in or specifiedModeline
entries for the monitor.VertRefresh
— Specifies the range of vertical refresh frequencies supported by the monitor, in kHz. These values help the X server determine the validity of built in or specifiedModeline
entries for the monitor.Modeline
— An optional parameter which specifies additional video modes for the monitor at particular resolutions, with certain horizontal sync and vertical refresh resolutions. Refer to thexorg.conf
man page for a more detailed explanation ofModeline
entries.Option '<option-name>'
— An optional entry which specifies extra parameters for the section. Replace <option-name> with a valid option listed for this section in thexorg.conf
man page.
Each
Device
section configures one video card on the system. While one Device
section is the minimum, additional instances may occur for each video card installed on the machine. The best way to configure a video card is to configure X during the installation process or by using the X Configuration Tool. For more about using the X Configuration Tool, refer to Chapter 36, X Window System Configuration.
The following example illustrates a typical
Device
section for a video card: The following entries are commonly used in the
Device
section: Identifier
— Specifies a unique name for thisDevice
section. This is a required entry.Driver
— Specifies which driver the X server must load to utilize the video card. A list of drivers can be found in/usr/share/hwdata/videodrivers
, which is installed with thehwdata
package.VendorName
— An optional parameter which specifies the vendor of the video card.BoardName
— An optional parameter which specifies the name of the video card.VideoRam
— An optional parameter which specifies the amount of RAM available on the video card in kilobytes. This setting is only necessary for video cards the X server cannot probe to detect the amount of video RAM.BusID
— An entry which specifies the bus location of the video card. On systems with only one video card aBusID
entry is optional and may not even be present in the default/etc/X11/xorg.conf
file. On systems with more than one video card, however, aBusID
entry must be present.Screen
— An optional entry which specifies which monitor connector or head on the video card theDevice
section configures. This option is only useful for video cards with multiple heads.If multiple monitors are connected to different heads on the same video card, separateDevice
sections must exist and each of these sections must have a differentScreen
value.Values for theScreen
entry must be an integer. The first head on the video card has a value of0
. The value for each additional head increments this value by one.Option '<option-name>'
— An optional entry which specifies extra parameters for the section. Replace <option-name> with a valid option listed for this section in thexorg.conf
man page.One of the more common options is'dpms'
(for Display Power Management Signaling, a VESA standard), which activates the Service Star energy compliance setting for the monitor.
Each
Screen
section binds one video card (or video card head) to one monitor by referencing the Device
section and the Monitor
section for each. While one Screen
section is the minimum, additional instances may occur for each video card and monitor combination present on the machine. The following example illustrates a typical
Screen
section: The following entries are commonly used in the
Screen
section: Identifier
— Specifies a unique name for thisScreen
section. This is a required entry.Device
— Specifies the unique name of aDevice
section. This is a required entry.Monitor
— Specifies the unique name of aMonitor
section. This is only required if a specificMonitor
section is defined in thexorg.conf
file. Normally, monitors are automatically detected.DefaultDepth
— Specifies the default color depth in bits. In the previous example,16
(which provides thousands of colors) is the default. Only oneDefaultDepth
is permitted, although this can be overridden with the Xorg command line option-depth <n>
,where<n>
is any additional depth specified.SubSection 'Display'
— Specifies the screen modes available at a particular color depth. TheScreen
section can have multipleDisplay
subsections, which are entirely optional since screen modes are automatically detected.This subsection is normally used to override autodetected modes.Option '<option-name>'
— An optional entry which specifies extra parameters for the section. Replace <option-name> with a valid option listed for this section in thexorg.conf
man page.
The optional
DRI
section specifies parameters for the Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI). DRI is an interface which allows 3D software applications to take advantage of 3D hardware acceleration capabilities built into most modern video hardware. In addition, DRI can improve 2D performance via hardware acceleration, if supported by the video card driver. This section rarely appears, as the DRI Group and Mode are automatically initialized to default values. If a different Group or Mode is desired, then adding this section to the
xorg.conf
file will override those defaults. The following example illustrates a typical
DRI
section: Since different video cards use DRI in different ways, do not add to this section without first referring to http://dri.sourceforge.net/.
Differences Between Linux vs Windows
Windows is a series of operating systems, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft for personal desktops/devices or computer (PC). Each operating system comes with a graphical user interface (GUI) with a desktop that allows a user to view all files, videos, etc. It is designed to run on x86 hardware such as AMD, Intel processors. So windows OS comes with almost all company who made PC’s or laptops. Linux is an open-source operating system based on UNIX, created in 1991. It is software which sites underneath of all other software on a computer. Users can modify the existing code and create distributions from it as it is an open-source operating system. Linux is mostly used as a server – as most of the web pages over the internet are generated from Linux servers and
What is the Windows operating system?
The first version of Windows OS is released in 1985 which is a simple GUI, an extension of existing disk operating system (MS-DOS) and major release as my point of view was 1995 consumer release which has integrated windows and DOS with built-in internet support. Af form 1327 pdf. Most of the PC are currently running on the Windows operating system only. The latest Windows OS version is Windows 10 which is currently ruling the market.
Aces are always the lowest cards. For example, if a 9♥ is on the foundation pile, then the next card face played must be 8♣ or 8♠. Kings court card game rules. A sequence of cards may also be played, but all the cards in the sequence must obey the lower rank and opposite color rules. To play cards on a foundation pile, the card played must be immediately below the foundation card in rank and of the opposite color (red or black).
Web development, programming languages, Software testing & others
What is the Linux Operating system?
Linux is an open-source operating system based on UNIX, created in 1991. Linux operating system also comes with a graphical user interface (GUI) with some necessary software’s which are used on a daily basis. It is also used in desktop computers, mobile devices, gaming consoles, digital storing devices, eBook readers, cameras, video recorders have Linux running.
Head to Head Comparison Between Linux vs Windows (Infographics)
Below is the Top 9 Comparison Between Linux vs Windows
Mutants and masterminds player's handbook pdf. With the game rules, the players and Gamemaster have a common frame of reference to decide how things go as the story progresses, hopefully helping to avoid the kind of “Did not! Did too!” arguments from childhood games of imagination.
Key Differences Between Linux vs Windows
following is the Differences Between Linux and Windows
- Linux is open source operating system whereas Windows OS is commercial.
- Linux has access to source code and alters the code as per user need whereas Windows does not have access to source code.
- Linux will run faster than windows latest editions even with a modern desktop environment and features of the operating system whereas windows are slow on older hardware.
- Linux distributions don’t collect user data whereas Windows collect all the user details which lead to privacy concern.
- Linux is more reliable then windows as in Linux we can kill application if they hung through x kill command whereas, in windows, we need to try multiple times to kill it.
- Linux supports a wide variety of free software’s than windows but windows have a large collection of video game software.
- In Linux software cost is almost free as all programs, utilities, complex applications such as open office are free but windows also have many free programs and utilities but most of the programs are commercial.
- Linux is highly secure because it’s easy to identify bugs and fix whereas Windows has a large user base and becomes a target for developers of viruses and malware.
- Linux is used by corporate organizations as servers and operating system for security purpose at Google, Facebook, twitter etc. whereas windows are mostly used by gamers and business users.
- Linux and windows have same priority over hardware and driver support in the present situation.Recommended courses
Linux vs Windows Comparison Table
Below is the detailed Comparison of Linux vs Windows
Basis for comparison | Linux | Windows |
Access | In Linux user has access to the source code of kernel and alter the code according to his need. It has its own advantages like bugs in OS will fix at a rapid pace and disadvantages like developers may take advantage of any weakness in OS if they found. | In windows every user won’t have access to the source code, only members of the selected group will have access to it. |
Flavors or Variety | Linux has various distributions which are highly customizable based on user needs. | Windows has very few customization options available. |
Licensing | In Linux with GPL- Licensed operating system, users are free to modify the software, can re-use in any number of systems and even they can sell the modified version. | In windows, with Microsoft license, users won’t have access to source code (can’t modify the software) and based on a number of licenses – we can install only on those number of computers. |
Command line | In Linux, command line is a very useful tool for administration and daily tasks but for end users, it doesn’t make much difference. | In windows, we have command line but can’t use as Linux command line. We need to go running and enter cmd then command line will open. |
Run level | Linux has inbuilt ability to stop at different run levels with this we can work using a command line and GUI if anyone has an issue. | In windows, if we encounter any problem in order to fix it, we need to reboot at run level 3 as an administrator/ root to find and fix the problem. |
Usability | Linux is complicated to install but has the ability to complete complex tasks easier. | Windows gives user’s a simple system to operate but it will take a longer time to install. |
Support | Linux has support via a huge community of user forums/websites and online search. | Windows has support which is easily accessible, online forums/ websites and it has paid support also. |
Updates | In Linux, users have full control of updates, we can install whenever we needed and it will take less time without any reboot. | In windows, updates will come at inconvenient times such as you are giving a print to the printer but suddenly update pop up will come which makes users frustrate and took more time to install. |
Security | Linux is more secure than windows where hackers or developers of viruses will find difficult to break through Linux. | Windows is the major target for developers of viruses and malware and it is most vulnerable without anti-virus software. |
Conclusion – Linux vs Windows
Finally, it is an overview of Linux vs Windows and I hope that you will be interested to know more about these operating system internals after reading this differences between Linux and Windows article.
Users who are looking to change operating system from windows to Linux or vice-versa will have a good idea of advantages and disadvantages of both Linux and Windows operating systems and decide based on their requirement and which has more advantages. These are the differences between Linux and Windows operating systems and as in my opinion; I feel that Linux has more advantages than Windows operating system.
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This has been a guide to Differences Linux vs Windows, their Meaning, Head to Head Comparison, Key Differences, Comparison Table, and Conclusion. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –